What is a control group in an experimental study?

In an experimental study, a control group is defined as a group that is not exposed to the independent variable. This group serves as a baseline that researchers can use to compare against the experimental group, which does receive the independent variable. By having a control group, researchers can establish a clearer understanding of the effect the independent variable has on the dependent variable. The control group's conditions are maintained consistently to ensure that any differences in outcome can be attributed solely to the manipulation of the independent variable, rather than other external factors. This method strengthens the validity of the study by allowing for a direct comparison between those who are and are not subjected to the experiment's treatment.

Understanding the role of the control group is crucial because it helps mitigate the potential influence of confounding variables—elements other than the independent variable that could affect the outcome. In a well-designed experiment, the control group's results illuminate how significant the effects of the independent variable are by providing a point of reference.