What are confounding variables?

Confounding variables are variables other than the independent variable that can influence the dependent variable, potentially leading to erroneous conclusions in a study. When these variables are not accounted for, they can create a false impression of a relationship between the independent and dependent variables. This can obscure the true effect of the independent variable, making it seem as though it has an impact when, in fact, any observed changes in the dependent variable may be due to these confounding factors instead.

For instance, if a researcher is examining the effect of a new teaching method on student performance, but does not control for students' prior knowledge or socioeconomic status—both of which could also affect performance—then these extraneous factors could confound the results. This is why identifying and managing confounding variables is crucial in experimental research to ensure the findings accurately reflect the relationship being studied.