In Lampinen et al.'s (2014) experiment, which of the following variables are manipulated?

In Lampinen et al.'s (2014) experiment, the correct answer focuses on the specific variable that was actively changed or controlled to observe its effect on the outcome of the experiment. Here, "Distance from the target" is a variable that can be systematically modified by the researchers, allowing them to determine how this manipulation affects participants' performance or responses.

Manipulating distance from the target would enable the researchers to assess variations in participant behavior under different conditions, providing insights into how spatial factors influence cognitive processes. This is crucial in experimental research, as varying an independent variable allows for the observation of its direct effects on a dependent variable.

Other choices, while they could be relevant in a broader study on human behavior or cognition, may not necessarily be manipulated in the specific context of Lampinen et al.'s experiment. These could serve as controlled variables or demographic factors but would not yield the same direct insights through manipulation as the distance variable does. By focusing on the distance from the target as the manipulated variable, the researchers were likely targeting a clear hypothesis regarding spatial cognition or perception, highlighting its role in the overall objective of the study.